This report is part of a larger study commissioned by the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA)
to explore the impacts of extractive industries and infrastructure (EII) on forest loss and
degradation and community rights in the Amazon, Mexico and Central America, and Indonesia.
The Indonesian archipelago hosts much of the globe’s remaining humid tropical forest,
concentrated especially in Papua, Kalimantan and Sumatra. While the fiber, logging and palm
oil industries have been the principal proximate drivers of Indonesian land cover change,
investments in resource extraction and infrastructure have also led to forest loss, greenhouse
gas emissions, and rights infringement in forest communities. Their future impacts on forest may
be far greater. Most of Indonesia’s coal reserves are located in East Kalimantan, South
Kalimantan and South Sumatra, and recent governments (Joko Widodo, “Jokowi,” 2014-19 and
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, “SBY”, 2004-2014) have promoted large-scale infrastructure
investment in support of extractive industry and other natural resource based economic
development by linking resource extraction to domestic and international commodity and energy
markets.
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